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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ALL Ericson - Freud Ericson - Freud Describe the developmental process and problems that might arise in 1 of the first 3 developmental stages (ericson / freud) and how these might affect the counselling relationship Freud developed a frame work for understanding the process of human development and broke down the various stages of childhood development into The Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency & Adolescence. This essay focuses on the second stage of development The Anal stage. I will describe how various factors within this period may affect development in later life and in conclusion how this might affect the counselling relationship. The Process of the Anal Stage of Development Perhaps the biggest influencing factor in a person’s life is their childhood. An adult has the capability to make conscious decisions and develop attitudes to life where as a developing child’s world is dominated by parents or significant primary care figures e.g “ Mother is the name for God on the lips and hearts of small children” (Brandon Lee, Film: The Crow 1995) A child has no experience of life to base their beliefs on - no way of understanding weather they are experiencing a positive or negative influence. To a child their world simply is what it is. “Good” parents may try to consciously teach their children a strong belief in themselves and an independent and autonomous nature, but they may also inadvertently teach their children beliefs in themselves, which may be negative or detrimental. It may be that the parents inherited these beliefs and pass them on to their own children - much like inheriting a garden where it’s up to you to grow what you will - but within your garden will already be some weeds. Everyone can live with a few weeds in the garden - but if the weeds are many and fertile then they can start to block out the sunlight and the growth of the flowers may be stunted. The anal stage generally occurs around the second and third years of life. It is a period of immense change when a child moves from being completely helpless to gaining coordination & control over muscles, independent movement, more refined communication skills and a widening of the child’s world towards independence & autonomy. 1It is at this stage that the child begins acquire attitudes towards itself and others in respect of doing, making & acting which will be reinforced within the family in later childhood, adolescence, supported or challenged at school and become the basis for which learning, work and relationships with authority are faced and worked with in adult life. In Freudian psychoanalytic theory this period in a child's psychosexual development is one in which the child's main concerns are with the processes of defecation. 2 For the first time in a child’s life s/he encounters external restrictions on its wish to defecate where and when it pleases as parents try to potty train. This is a crucial time for a child to learn to earn praise and approval as for the first time love from parents is no longer unconditional but dependent on what the child does. The first or oral stage of development is very much about “being” where as the anal stage is much more about doing. During the anal stage the child experiences its parents as authority figures - i.e The contents of the bowels have important meaning for the child and are treated as part of the child’s own body and to the child represent a gift. The desire to present this gift demonstrates a child’s compliance with his/her environment and by withholding this gift - his/her disobedience. A child measures its idea or belief about its self from the external reactions of others. 3Children have to work hard to understand what is expected of them, of how things work and what is involved in being in a relationship with others. Sometimes children may misinterpret or misunderstand what is being said to them without parents being aware of it. At this stage of development toilet training may be given a particularly high prominence as an indicator of the child being “good” or “grown up”. A child may learn that it is good to defecate in a particular place but not why - for an adult it may be the place which is important (i.e in the potty) but to a child the contents of the bowel are what is important. When they have given their parents this special gift it is poured from the pot into the toilet and they may become puzzled as to why then when they put some other valuable thing (such as mum’s jewellery) into this now “sacred” receptacle they are told off! Parents may overly shame a child at this point and leave it baffled as to what it is they have done wrong when their only desire was to please by doing the right thing. It is very confusing for a child to understand the “adult rules”, what at one point in time might be acceptable behaviour, at another it may not. What might be encouraged at one time e.g feeding themselves (“clever girl”) may be discouraged at another (“too messy.”) Parents have to adjust to their childs new way of relating to the world and the way it might disrupt their own lives - toys may be scattered all over the floor and parents orderly world may be turned upside down by little fingers now able to reach literally everywhere. A child has to struggle to constantly make sense of this. If parents are too rigid and not encouraging of the development of autonomy in their child then the child may not develop a good level of confidence and self esteem this may inhibit them in trying out new things and expressing themselves spontaneously and creatively for fear of being punished by being made to feel ashamed or guilty. Conversely if parents give children unrestricted freedom and no sense of limits, or if they try to help children do what they should learn to do for themselves, they may give them the impression that they are not good for much. If parents are not patient enough to wait for their child to tie his or her shoe-laces, the child may never learn to tie them, and may assume that this is too difficult to learn! There is a delicate balance between a child exploring its world in a confident and encouraged way but remaining within the parents boundaries of what is safe, healthy and loving. Children soon develop their own ideas and theories about themselves and their external world. They may continually seek opportunity to exercise their own wishes and this can lead to a battle of wills. If the child is within a very repressive family this can lead to great amounts of frustration as the child seeks to do or get that which the parents will not allow. In harsher circumstances parents may be extremely rigid and reinforce the idea within their child that unless they are following the “rules” then no love and comfort may be forthcoming (in extreme cases children may be abused physically or mentally for not operating within the rigid parameters expected of them) The child may internalise this representation of their parent as their idea of authority figures, Freud believed that the internalised parent becomes the “Super Ego” of the adult personality. This is believed to be significant for the child's later development because its responses to parental demands for bowel control etc may have far-reaching effects on his/her personality. Should a person become fixated, or locked, in the anal stage, s/he may develop what has been termed an anal character. The Anal personality is one that may have been raised in an environment of control and rules. 4The idea of free thought, action and impulse may create great anxiety which can only be assuaged by submitting to the rules, taking them as compulsions, as things that have to be done without any question of why (only in the potty). They may experience following their impulses as dangerous and demand rules as guides to action. The tension that characterises this stage is the anxiety of being in an uncomprehended world and uncomprehending, compulsive adherence to the rules of that world as a way of trying to make sense and understand it. Primary traits are orderliness, parsimony, and obstinacy. The anal character develops his/her traits either as modified expressions (sublimations) of anal impulses, or as ways of denying them by invoking their opposites (reaction formations). Orderliness is a reaction formation against dirt, i.e. matter in the wrong place (obsessive cleaning, hand washing). Obstinacy arises from the learned necessity to control oneself at the anal stage of development. Parsimony, i.e. extreme interest in money, is understood as a socially acceptable transformation of the child’s interest in faecal material itself. Difficulties encountered in Counselling Particular difficulties, which may arise when counselling Anal Characters, may stem from the clients viewing counsellors as authority figures and a counsellor must first contend with this transference. Anal Characters may exhibit a need to follow the “rules” which they feel (and may demand) a counsellor will impose on them. A desire to be “correct” and to “do the right thing” , not “make a mess” or “ get it wrong” and conversely they may be disorganised and uncontrolled with a need to “let it all out” indiscriminately so counsellors must be careful not to collude with the clients internalised idea of authority. The tools of a carefully placed challenge are difficult to use as the client may identify with the counsellor as the “critical parent” figure. The counsellor may use this very transference as a way of helping the client recognise and link the feeling of being criticised with other significant people from his/her past. The Anal Character may feel very guilty & ashamed of their thoughts or feelings and asking them to get in touch with those feelings (to let go) is a very delicate process . Breaks or disturbances to the therapeutic relationship (i.e holidays) may be particularly difficult for the Anal Character, counsellors must be doubly aware of the boundaries of the therapeutic relationship - ensuring that the client does not become dependent on the counsellor. Counsellors may choose to work with the anal client to build up the central ego and help them to express their own sense of self and take control over and have confidence in their own ideas and beliefs. Psychodynamic counselling revolves around the theory that the past has a direct influence on ones present. Attitudes and beliefs acquired during childhood are carried forward within an individual into adulthood and are often held within the subconscious or unconscious - a person may behave or feel in a particular way without any conscious thought as to where that attitude or behaviour came from - if a person does stop to think they may come to the conclusion that perhaps “that’s just the way I am.” I believe that is a perfectly natural state of being but when a person encounters difficulties in life which they cannot overcome by their normal thought processes, it may indicate there is a need for some investigation into what may lie behind their attitudes and behaviours - how, when and where they were learnt may be the first step into unravelling them and allowing a person to make a conscious choice over what they believe in, what they believe about themselves and how they want to progress their lives going forward. I believe to be a successful counsellor for an Anal or any other type of character then one must also be an accomplished gardener of ones own garden. There is no point trying to help your neighbour remove his weeds if your own garden is full of them - seeds will blow over the fence and take root in your neighbours garden defeating the object and perhaps even making it worse. Bibliography: 1 Michael Jacobs - The Presenting Past second edition. Open University Press 1999 Chapter 4, Page 98 2Richard Gross - Psychology, The Science of Mind & Behaviour third edition. Hodder & Stoughton 1996. Chapter 21 page 512 3 Michael Jacobs - The Presenting Past second edition. Open University Press 1999 Chapter 4, Page 99 4 http://www.geocities.com/~mhrowell/anal_stage.html Word Count: 2033 Acceptance_Essays American_History Anatomy_&_Physiology Animal_Science_&_Zoology Anthropology Architecture Art Astronomy Aviation Biographies Book_Reports Business Computers Creative_Writing Current_Events Economics Education Engineering English Environmental_Science Ethics European_History Film_&_TV Foreign_Languages Geography Government_&_Politics Health_&_Beauty History_Other Human_Sexuality Legal_Issues Marketing Mathematics Medicine Miscellaneous Music Mythology Philosophy Physics Poetry Political_Science Psychology Religion Science Shakespeare Social_Issues Sociology Speech Sports_&_Recreation Supernatural Technology Theater Theses_&_Dissertations

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